Hydrocephalus Surgery

What is Hydrocephalus?

Hydrocephalus is a condition that occurs when the normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain is disrupted. The accumulation of this fluid causes the brain ventricles to enlarge and put pressure on the brain tissue. The disease can be congenital or acquired and can affect individuals of all age groups.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on age and the severity of the condition:

In infants: Abnormal head enlargement, bulging fontanel, irritability, vomiting.
In children and adolescents: Headaches, nausea, balance problems, vision disturbances.
In adults: Memory problems, difficulty walking, urinary incontinence.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hydrocephalus is made based on the patient’s clinical symptoms and imaging tests. The following methods can be used:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): To see the brain structure in detail.
Computed Tomography (CT): Preferred for rapid diagnosis.
Ultrasound: Can be used in cases of open fontanelles in infants.

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Treatment Methods

Surgical methods play a central role in the treatment of hydrocephalus. The most common procedures include:

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt:
- How it works: The excess fluid is removed from the brain ventricles and redirected to the abdominal cavity, where it is absorbed.
- Advantages: Provides an effective and long-term solution.
- Disadvantages: Risk of complications such as infection and blockage.
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV):
- How it works: A new drainage pathway is created in the brain using an endoscope.
- Advantages: Less invasive and does not require a shunt.
- Disadvantages: May not be suitable for all patients; success rates depend on the conditions.
Shunt Revision: If the shunt becomes blocked or infected, a new shunt system may need to be implanted.

Postoperative Care

Patients must be closely monitored after surgery:

Signs of infection: Fever, swelling, inflammation.
Shunt dysfunction: Return of hydrocephalus symptoms.
Neurological status: Improvement in vision, movement, and cognitive functions.